Revolutionary soldier free essay sample

Whether I admit it or not, I take a lot for granted. I think we all do. In the book, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, Some of the adventures, dangers, and sufferings of Joseph Plumb Martin, by Joseph Plumb Martin. He tells the War from his perspective as an engineer for the Connecticut regiment. In this book he describes many hardships and rough conditions he experienced first hand during the American Revolution or the (Revolutionary war). The Everyday life of the enlisted men was complex and hard to predict. The soldiers referred to the conditions as sufferings. I say we take things for granted because reading this book opened my eyes to a lot of things. As I sat at home in my big comfy bed, with the the whole house heated to a mild 70 degrees, and full belly of chicken tenders, I thought to myself, â€Å"I’ve got it good compared to him. We will write a custom essay sample on Revolutionary soldier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Times have definitely changed and I have much respect for the soldiers such as Joseph Plumb Martin. Although he didn’t necessarily want to be a soldier, it’s great what he did for us. â€Å" Time passed smoothly on with me till the year 1774 arrived, the smell of war began to be pretty strong, but I was determined to have no hand in it, happen when it might? I felt myself to be a real coward† (1) Clearly he felt bad of this. As it went on Matin proceeded to talk about the Valley Forge, Joseph said this, â€Å" The army continued at and near the Gulf for some days, after which we marched for the Valley Forge in order to take up our winter ­quarters. We were now in a truly forlorn condition, no clothing, no provisions, and as disheartened as need be, Our prospect was indeed dreary. In our miserable condition, to go into the wild woods and build us habitations to stay in, in such a weak, starved, and naked condition, was appalling in the highest degree †. (2) This made me feel for him and paint a mental image of what that must of been like. The sufferings were unreal. Just the beginning 3 Joseph began his service in the Continental army in 1776. The same year the Continental congress signed the declaration of independence. It’s amazing to think that so long ago (238 years to be exact), the u. s wasn’t even formed yet. This makes me want to thank all the men of the continental Army who rebelled against the british and fought for what you and I call home today. I believe Joseph wrote this narrative not to inform you on the revolutionary war, but to focus on what a real soldier experienced. He starts the first chapter off by saying, â€Å"The heroes of all Histories, Narratives, Adventures, Novels and Romances. (3) War has always been and always will be romanticizing. Young men enlisted with the notion of becoming a brave war hero, and if lucky enough returning proudly home with a â€Å"red badge of courage. † The soldiers were persuaded at the time.

Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law 1.0 INTRODUCTION Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law 1.0 INTRODUCTION2.0 THE DISTANCE SELLING DIRECTIVE 97/7/EC4.0 CROSSING THE LINES: THE CHALLENGE OF CROSS BORDER E – COMMERCE IN THE EU5.0 ISSUES PROPOSED IN THE NEW CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTIVESCONCLUSIONBIBLIOGRAPHYDistance contracts http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l32014_en.htm[1]Related 1.0 INTRODUCTION Recent advances in three areas - computer technology, telecommunications technology, and software and information technology - are changing lives in ways scarcely imagined less than two decades ago. These modern technologies are being combined, especially through the Internet, to link millions of people in every corner of the word, deals are struck, transactions completed, and decisions taken in a time-frame that would have seemed simply inconceivable a few years ago. Shopping has evolved with growth of technology which has made it possible for people to conclude on line rather in store and with this came the advent of electronic transactions (E-Contacts). Electronic commerce (EC or e-commerce) describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the Internet and a legal frame work that would regulate the buying and selling of goods at a distance has been created. The aim of the European Union legislation in the field of distance selling is to put consumers who purchase goods or services through distance communication means in a similar position to consumers who buy goods or services in shops thereby creating confidence and certainty in distance contracts. The Directive 1997/7/EC (Distance Selling Directive) was put in place to address the growing trend and provides a number of fundamental legal rights for consumers in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection throughout the EU. The E-commerce Directive 2000/31/EC was also adopted to provide a legal framework for the provision of Information Society Services within the European Union. In the words of the European Consumer Affairs Commissioner Meglena Kuneva. Consumers and retailers are beginning to embrace e-commerce at national level but internal market barriers still persist online. The potential of the online internal market to deliver greater choice and lower price to consumers and new markets for retailers is considerable. We need to redouble our efforts to tackle the remaining borders. This essay is going to look at protection   available to consumers under existing rules, particularly those concerning distance contracts and/or the provision of information society services, remedies available to John under the existing Legal framework, the challenges of cross border e – commerce in the EU and evaluate the proposals in the new framework. 2.0 THE DISTANCE SELLING DIRECTIVE 97/7/EC The Distance Selling Directive applies to any consumer distance contract made under the law of an EU-Member State as well as the European Economic Area (EEA). The directive ensuring the protection of consumers within the EU in respect of distance contractusing â€Å"means of distance communication† has provided certain rights and obligations between a supplier and consumer. Directive 97/7/EC applicable law consumer distance contracts within EU Member State as well as European Economic Area (EEA). The directive aims at ensuring a high level of protection for consumers within the EU by providing certain rights and obligations between a supplier and consumer when transacting at a distance using â€Å"means of distance communication.† It provides the following the rights: According to the Directive the following consumer rights among others need to be respected: Article 4 of the Directive provides the provision of comprehensive information by the supplier   before the purchase. Article 5 provides that the confirmation of the information by the supplier in (Art 4) t0 be in a durable medium( such as written confirmation) The Consumers right to cancel the contract within a minimum of 7 working days without giving any reason and without penalty, except the cost of returning the goods (right of withdrawal) is provided for by Article 6. Article 6(2) provides the consumer’s right to a refund   within 30 days of cancellation, in the event that where the consumer   cancels the contract. Article 7 provides that the delivery of the goods or performance of the service by the supplier shall be wi within 30 days of the day after the consumer placed his order   or where the goods or service   ordered is   not available inform the consumer of any alternative at the same price or a refund as soon as possible or within 30 days. Article 8 Provides Protection from fraudulent use of payment cards   by allowing   a consumer to request cancellation of a payment where fraudulent use has been made of his payment card in connection with distance contracts covered by this Directive. Article 12 The strength of every distance contract rest upon the prior information requirement as provided by Article 4 and must be complied with. In accordance with the directive the following prior information shall be furnished by the supplier to the consumer in good time prior to the conclusion of any distance contractstating: â€Å"(a) the identity of the supplier and, in the case of contracts requiring payment in advance, his address; (b) the main characteristics of the goods or services; (c) the price of the goods or services including all taxes; (d) delivery costs, where appropriate; (e) the arrangements for payment, delivery or performance; (f) the existence of a right of withdrawal, except in the cases referred to in Article 6 (3); (g) the cost of using the means of distance communication, where it is calculated other than at the basic rate; (h) the period for which the offer or the price remains valid; (i) where appropriate, the minimum duration of the contract in the case of contracts for the supply of products or services to be performed permanently or recurrently.† As regards John case it can be said that requirement of Article 4( 1) (a) (e) and (f), as stated above and that of ‘address’   ‘performance ‘ and a ‘right of withdrawal’   was not complied with. And the provisions of Art 5(1) which provides that consumer must receive written confirmation or confirmation in another durable medium available and accessible to him of the information referred to in Article 4 (1) (a) to (f), in good time during the performance of the contract was not complied with. It can be categorically said that if the provisions of (Art 5(1)) was met as required John would not be having difficulty contacting the supplier seeking redress, because the ‘prior information’ in writing or a durable medium would have availed him of the ‘geographic address’ of the supplier , time for performance of the contract and his right of withdrawal. Also taking a look at Art 7( 1)(97/7/EC) which states that â€Å"unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the supplier must execute the order within a maximum of 30 days from the day following that on which the consumer forwarded his order to the supplier; and also Art   7(2)(97/7/EC) Where a supplier fails to perform his side of the contract on the grounds that the goods or services ordered are unavailable, the consumer must be informed of this situation and must be able to obtain a refund of any sums he has paid as soon as possible and in any case within 30 days; and lastly Art7(3)(97/7/EC)  Ã‚   which further states that hat the supplier may provide the consumer with goods or services of equivalent quality and price provided that this possibility was provided for prior to the conclusion of the contract or in the contract. With regards to the goods that were not delivered It can be said that John was not of the above information stated in Art 7(2) of the directive or even an equivalent as provided in 7 (3) In the event that the contract is part performed and the issues of non delivery of the some of the goods ordered arises, items that John purchased which falls under the directive would be required to be listed. Games Console A tricycle Music CD’s An iPod Box of Chocolates 3.0 THE  Ã‚   E– COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 2000/31/EC The E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC sets out principles and duties to reach a high standard of consumer protection.[14]   The directive ensures â€Å"the free movement of â€Å"information society services† across the European Community and to encourage greater use of e-commerce by breaking down barriers across Europe and boost consumer confidence and trust by clarifying the rights and obligations of businesses and consumers†[15] Remedies available to John under the provisions of this directive are going to be taken into considerations. Art 2(a) of the directive makes reference to the definition of information society services: within the meaning of Article 1(2) of Directive 98/34/EC as amended by Directive 98/48/EC; which provides defines an ‘ISS’ as    ‘‘any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by means of electronic equipment for the processing (including digital compression) and storageof data, and at the individual request of a recipient of a service;’’(Art. 1(2)98/48/EC) Considering the words ‘any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by means of electronic equipment’ the e-book accurately falls under it as   John’s computer being the ‘equipment’ that would receive the e – book and John been the recipient of the service. Art. 5 (1) of the E- Commerce directive provides general information requirements that an ISS provider must provide to recipients’ of the service easily, directly and permanently prior to the conclusion of the contract: An ISS â€Å"provider shall render easily, directly and permanently accessible to the recipients of the service and competent authorities, information: (a) the name of the service provider; (b) the geographic address at which the service provider is established; (c) the details of the service provider, including his electronic mail address, which allow him to be contacted rapidly and communicated with in a direct and effective manner;†(Art. 5(1)(a – c )2000/31/EC) Taking a look at the provisions of Article 5(1) (a)-(c) the question now is if the online supplier meets the requirements for provision of an ISS. In John’s case a geographic address was not provided pursuant to Art. 5 (1) (b) an e – mail address was provided pursuant to Art. 5(1) (c) of the directive. But considering the position of the court in the German case of Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverbnde – Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband eV  Ã‚   V. deutsche internet versicherung AG[18]   (‘’DIV Case’’) It was held by the courts that providing only an e – mail address as a sole means of contact does not comply with the provision of Art. 5(1) (c) of the directive stating categorically that â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.in addition to its e mail address other information which allows the service provider to be contacted rapidly†¦..†[19][Emphasis supplied] That is it would be fundamental for other means of contact to be provided by the supplier. With regards to the decision of the court in the above case and the provisions of Article 5 (1)(c) the e – mail address of the online supplier cannot be said to fully comply with the provisions of Art. 5 (1) (c), This is because in the words of paragraph 17 of the Judgement â€Å"Thus, it is clear from the wording of Article 5(1)(c), and in particular the word ‘including’, that the Community legislature intended to require the service provider to supply recipients of the service, in addition to its electronic mail address, with other information in order to achieve the result intended by that provision† That is the ISS provider is to provide details including its e – mail address to achieve the purpose of rapid communication in a direct and effective manner. Borrowing the decision in the above case,the provision of Art 5(1) (c)   is not fully satisfied by the on line supplier as ‘details of the service provider ’ which allow him to be contacted rapidly and communicated with in a direct and effective manner† is not provided, as this is evident in the fact it is taking a few days to get a response to e-mails which John has sent demanding redress. The court in paragraph 20 of the Judgement further said that â€Å"Accordingly, the mention of the ‘electronic mail address’ in Article 5 (1)(c) of the Directive reflects the Community legislature’s wish to ensure that information giving access to an electronic communication is to be supplied by the service provider to the recipients of the service, but does not mean that it intended to dispense with other types of non-electronic communication which may be used in addition to it† Further information is also provided for by Article 10 of the directive that except where expressly agreed otherwise at least the following information is given by the service provider clearly, comprehensibly and unambiguously and prior to the order being placed by the recipient of the service: â€Å"(a) the different technical steps to follow to conclude the contract; (b) whether or not the concluded contract will be filed by the service provider and whether it will be accessible; (c) the technical means for identifying and correcting input errors prior to the placing of the order; (d) the languages offered for the conclusion of the contract.† Article 11 further provides that except when otherwise agreed by parties who are not consumers, that in cases where the recipient of the service places his order through technological means, the following principles apply:â€Å"the service provider has to acknowledge the receipt of the recipients order without undue delay and by electronic means; and the order and the acknowledgement of receipt are deemed to be received when the parties to whom they are addressed are able to access them†In this circumstance there is no indication that any statement was in fact provided regarding the different technical steps John would take to conclude the contract or access the service requested , as John would be better informed. Information on how to identify and resolve input errors nor was language requirements also provided. The statutory duty required by the directive to provide the requisite information for the conclusion of contract has not been fully complied with by the on line supplier. And also the acknowledgement of receipt as provided for by Article 11 was not sent to John. The next question to ask is that are there any remedies available to John under the directives (97/7/ec 2000/31/ec). In accordance with the provisions of Article 6 under the distance selling directive the right of withdrawal can be exercised by John and where the right of withdrawal has been exercised the supplier shall be obliged to reimburse the sums paid by the consumer free of charge as soon as possible or within 30 days he shall only bear the cost of return of the goods. Following the provisions of Art 6 John can exercise his right of withdrawal for the games console and tricycle.   Ã‚   But by virtue of Art 6(3) which provides that â€Å"Unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the consumer may not exercise the right of withdrawal provided for in paragraph 1 in respect of contracts:    for the provision of services if performance has begun, with the consumers agreement, before the end of the seven working day period referred to in paragraph 1,    for the supply of goods or services the price of which is dependent on fluctuations in the financial market which cannot be controlled by the supplier,    for the supply of goods made to the consumers specifications or clearly personalized or which, by reason of their nature, cannot be returned or are liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly, for the supply of audio or video recordings or computer software which were unsealed by the consumer, for the supply of newspapers, periodicals and magazines,    for gaming and lottery services† John can only exercise his right of withdrawal for the music CD’s and games, if the goods have not been ‘unsealed.’ The iPod engraved with his childs name also falls under the Art 6(3) because it is made to John’s specifications and personalized with engraving of his son’s name. The box of chocolate cannot be returned as it is liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly. Pursuant to Art 7(1) of the directive â€Å"unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the supplier must execute the order within a maximum of 30 days from the day following that on which the consumer forwarded his order to the supplier† and since the goods have not been fully delivered and no refund of any sums he has paid as soon as possible and in any case within 30 days as stated in Art 7(2) and that the â€Å"supplier may provide the consumer with goods or services of equivalent quality and price provided that this possibility was provided for prior to the conclusion of the contract or in the contract the cost of returning the goods following exercise of the right of withdrawal (by John)shall, in this case, be borne by the supplier†Art7(3) By the provisions of Art 6(4) John can withdraw from the contract within a period of 3 months depending on the EU member state he is domiciled in and any credit agreement cancelled without penalty as there is no prior information providing for 7 days ‘cooling off period’ Art.11 provides ‘John’ with judicial or administrative redress thus he can approach the courts in his country’s court or an administrative body responsible for consumer protection,   to ensure that the national provisions for the implementation of this Directive are applied. By the provisions of Art. 12 consumer may not waive the rights conferred on him by the transposition of this Directive. An effective means to deal with consumers complaints in respect of distance selling shall also be established as provided for by Art 17 In this regard the supplier has breached the provisions of Articles 4, 5, 6 11 of the directive. An action for a breach of duty under the E- Commerce directive (2000/31/EC) to provide information prior to contract can also be brought by the customer by the provisions of Art 5 as the supplier did not state the different technical means in concluding the contract or an acknowledgement of receipt of the information in when accessed or, hence the supplier is in breach of Art 11  Ã‚   As the required information were not provided by the ISS prior to the conclusion of the contract. The requirements are important as provided in Articles. 5,10 11 of the EC directive. On the issue of exercising the right of withdrawal we refer to Recital 11 of the directive which provides that the E – commerce directive is subject to the protection in 97/7/EC with regards right of withdrawal under Art 6 97/7EC. Also by Art 6(3) the e – book reader purchased by John, if he was able to access it, would be precluded by Art 6(3) because due to its nature it cannot be returned. Article 17 18 also provides for out of court settlement and court. Complaints can be lay by the consumer through a consumer advocacy bureau such as the European Consumer Centres Network (ECC-Net) The same protection is also provided for in Art. 12 (2) of the 97/7/EC which guarantee’ s the consumer in the Europe even when the country is a not member of the European Union but has a close connection with the territory of one or more EU member states. However, subject to Article 15(1) (c) of the Brussels I Regulation (44/2001) a consumer in Europe’s habitual domicile shall have Jurisdiction to entertain suit a filed against the trader who ‘directs his activities’ towards the consumers country or to several other countries including country and the contract falls within the scope of those activities, similarly the applicable law shall be that of the consumer’s habitual domicile if it can be found that the trader also ‘directs his activities’ towards that country or several other countries including that country as provided for in Art. 6 (1) (c) of the Rome I Regulation EC (593/2008). 4.0 CROSSING THE LINES: THE CHALLENGE OF CROSS BORDER E – COMMERCE IN THE EU A 2007 report by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development found consistent reasons â€Å"retailers don’t export everything from fear of fraud, concerns over logistics and payments, import laws and language barriers. Indeed, discussions about doing business globally and accepting international payments online sometimes conjure images of nightmarish complications - increased risk of fraudulent transactions, complex political or regulatory issues, and customs or taxation problems† The European Commission in March 2009 published a detailed report on cross-border e-commerce .The report revealed that the gap between domestic and cross-border e-commerce was widening. From 2006 to 2008, the share of EU consumers shopping online grew from 27% to 33% while cross border e-commerce remained more or less at the same level (6% to 7%). Potential for cross-border online trade is also failing to materialize . 51% of EU27 retailers sell via the internet, but only 21% are currently conducting cross-border transactions, down from 29% in 2006 (in the EU25). The same proportion (21%) advertises cross-border. And retailers who do trade cross-border usually only sell to very few Member States: only 4% of those retailers trade with 10 or more Member States, most trade with one or two other Member States. The issue of redress is the major constraint of cross border e – Commerce in the EU because in most cases goods requested are not delivered by the e – merchants. According to the ECC Net ‘73 % of the complaints that was received in 2008 was for non delivery’ of the goods or services ordered, while 15 % of the complaints was for delayed delivery and 7% was for partial delivery which is similar to the case of ‘John’ and e- toys4U.hk. This is due largely divergent consumer protection regimes in different Member states and non compliance of e – merchants with the directives. For retailers in Europe, the fragmentation of consumer protection rules and other rules on VAT, recycling fees and levies are the main regulatory barriers to cross-border e-commerce. The national implementation of these rules differs markedly from one Member State to another, giving rise to a business environment that is complex, costly and unpredictable. The adoption of proposals to tackle these obstacles is therefore central to changing the behaviour of retailers and, as a result, the opportunities for consumers. When trying to shop online consumers are faced with a number of problems in another country. Foreign online traders have severally refused to accept orders from consumers living in another country. As uncertainty about what to do or who to turn to should they experience a problem are experienced by consumers, especially if it comes to resolving a complaint with a foreign trader. The fragmentation in the existing legislative framework is believed by the European commission not adequately protect consumers and creates internal market problems: â€Å"The European Commission have cited the   legal fragmentation of business-toconsumer rules as a barrier to the Internal Market and consumer confidence in crossborder shopping. Member States have different rules on distance and off-premises selling and these variations create unnecessary costs and disincentives for business when trading cross-border. In order to achieve a single set of European contract rules on consumer remedies, EU action is necessary to harmonise the legislative and regulatory framework across the 27 Member State† To build consumer confidence and to promote cross-border consumer purchases within the EU, a new consumer rights directive has recently been proposed by the European Commission. If implemented, the Directive will replace four existing consumer directives, namely the Doorstep Selling Directive (85/577/EEC), the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive (93/13/EEC), the Distance Selling Directive (97/7/EC) and the Consumer Sales and Guarantees Directive (1999/44/EC). The effect would be one of full harmonisation across each of the 27 member states. 5.0 ISSUES PROPOSED IN THE NEW CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTIVES A higher level of consumer protection is ensured, establishing a real retail internal market, making it easier and less costly for traders to sell cross border and providing consumers with a larger choice and competitive prices. The proposed Directive, specifically Articles 4 and 5, would establish minimum requirements for consumer protection.It would put in place EU wide rules covering: PRE-CONTRACTUAL INFORMATION : A contract prior to conclusion , the Directive would require before concluding a contract the Directive would require key information such as, the main characteristics of the product, geographical address and identity of the trader, the price inclusive of taxes, all additional freight, delivery or postal charges etc to be provided by the trader to the consumer. As this would enable the consumer to make an informed choice. RULES ON DELIVERY AND PASSING ON RISK TO THE CONSUMER (CURRENTLY NOT REGULATED AT EU LEVEL): the consumer would be protected against the risk of loss or damage to transported goods, the consumer would be protected, until he actually receives them. A maximum of 30 calendar days is allowed for the trader to deliver the goods to the consumer from signing the contract. In the event of late or non delivery of a good, a right to a refund as soon as possible and no later than 7 days from the date of delivery can be exercised by the consumer. COOLING OFF PERIODS (DISTANCE AND PRESSURE SALES): An EU wide cooling off period of 14 calendar days is introduced by the proposed directive, for items bought on line or during a visit from a trader to the consumer’s home, allowing time for the consumer to be able to change their mind, cancel the order, return the goods and get their money back. REPAIRS, REPLACEMENT, AND GUARANTEES: A particular standard set of remedies would be made available to consumers by the proposed directive in respect of a faulty product (i.e. repair or replacement in the first place, followed by the reduction of the price or the reimbursement of money). In the event that a good is defective, the consumer would have the right to have it replaced or repaired within two years from the purchase or their money back. UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS: The proposed Directive would introduce a new list of unfair contract terms called the black list to be prohibited across the EU. The proposed Directive would also strengthen consumer protection in other areas, including: Online auctions – Auctions (including e-auctions) would be required by the directive to meet standard information obligations(new) – price, geographical address of trader, delivery costs etc but exempting auctions from  the right of withdrawal, due to  the nature of  the auction bidding process. Pressure Selling – A broader new definition of direct selling contracts and other steps to close loopholes would be imposed by the proposed Directive. Due to the high number a high number of  consumer complaints,  the  protection  against pressure selling will be tightened up on several fronts. First,  the definition of what is covered by  consumer  protection  rules is made much wider.  The definition of off-premises contract is broadened to avoid, as is  the case at present, a large number of off- premises contracts falling outside  the scope of the Doorstep Selling Directive. Pressure selling in  the street, or at home parties, will now be covered. Most importantly,  there would be an extension of consumer protection to cover solicited visits which consumers will benefit from, which had been causing a high number of complaints.  Facilitation of online supermarket sales with home delivery, and solicited craftsmen services, by clearly exempting  them from  the right of withdrawal. Is intended by the new rules CONCLUSION Consumer protection directives, definition of terms, legal regimes, differ in each countries, so does the protections vary.  Ã‚   Big business responded by setting up shop in other member states while small and medium businesses remained within their National boundaries because of the high cost of complying with different national laws. With full harmonization in place, there is certainty for a consumer is in the UK that his rights are the same if he buys a product on – line at a distance from Germany or another member state. There is also greater certainty for the consumer and the trader across border. There would be   a reduction in compliance cost as regards businesses they will now be able to trade across the 27 EU member states using the same terms and conditions. Internal market will be able to gain the necessary impetus to actually be the single market envisaged by the Union as the gap between cross border transactions will be closed. Uniformity, Predictability and Certainty towards the Single Market can be said of full harmonization. BIBLIOGRAPHY ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE ROLE OF THE WTO wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/special_study_e.pdf E-Business and E-Commerce http://pdfcast.org/pdf/e-business-and-e-commerce Gap between domestic and cross-border e-commerce grows wider, says EU report http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/980 Europa-Consumer Affairs-Distance selling http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons_int/safe_shop/dist_sell/index_en.htm Distance contracts http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l32014_en.htm[1] Article 2 (4) (97/7/EC) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT Art 4 (1) (a – h ) (97/7/EC) http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT Does harmonisation go far enough? The E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC: implementation and sanctions http://inderscience.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parentbackto=issue,10,17;journal,10,10;linkingpublicationresults,1:120796,1 The Electronic Commerce Directive (00/31/ec) The electronic Commerce (ECDIRECTIVE)Regulations 2002 (si 2002 No. 2013) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/dti.gov.uk/industries/ecommunications/electronic_commerce_directive_0031ec.html Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce)  Official Journal L 178 , 17/07/2000 P. 0001 – 0016 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0031:EN:HTML ECJ C – 298/07 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62007J0298:EN:NOT Pia Messner v. Firma Stefan Krà ¼ger, C‑489/07: the trader requested or a compensation for the use of the goods   German consumer protection Law , the court held that such a compensation will amount to a charge which is not the intention of the Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/legal_service/arrets/07c489_en.pdf The ECC – Net is a consumer complaints and advocacy body responsible for ensuring consumer protection in the EU http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/ Business without borders: A look at the New, Flat, cross-border payment opportunities tsys.com/thoughtLeadership/ngenuityInAction/current_issue/Spring09BusinessWithOutBordersPayPal.cfm Consumers: online shopping increasingly popular in the EU, but development held back by barriers to cross border trade http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/354format=HTMLaged=0language=EN ECC – Net’s 2008 Annual Report http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/ecc_annual_report_2008_en.pdf Proposed Consumer Rights Directive parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snha-05097.pdf Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper on The Review of the Consumer Acquis, 08.02.2007, COM (2006) 744 final, http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposed Consumer Rights Directive parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snha-05097.pdf Dismantling barriers to cross-border online shopping. Frequently Asked Questions http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/475format=HTMLaged=0language=EN

Anthology Poems

It is just filled with 5 poetic lines which we had to either do a free verse poem, poems without rhyming or patterns and that don‘t follow any rules, or a blank verse which is a poem that uses no rhyming but has iambic pentameters (patterns). Or you can do a rhyme verse which is a poem that uses rhyming. My poem is blank verse because even though I have no rhyming I have a pattern. You see I repeat the word â€Å"reason† a few times and it follow a pattern. Read ona The Room No matter how many times I tell him, He never cleans his room! On how dirty it is! His underwear is under the ____ Bed. His papers are on the __f_lo__o_r__. Last weeks sandwich is a M O L D Y Mess! Theirs something called â€Å"Clean up your room! † I say to him everyday! At last I punished him with a ban on T. V. That’s when the stink went away. Description This poem is a poem with a speaker. A speaker poem is a person that is talking in the poem. Sometimes the speaker can be the author itself talking in the poem. Other times it is a made up character. In this case, you can figure out that the speaker is the kids mother because she â€Å"banned him with no T. V. † until his room is cleaned up. (Now mothers will do that, just ask my mother. ) Read ona My Cat My cat is dumb! Let me tell you that! He’s the opposite of what a cat Should be! He hates mice, But loves dogs. He doesn’t like milk, But prefers meat. Now tell me, Is that how a cat should be? Description This poem by yours truly is a irony poem. Ever heard of that word? Irony in poetic terms means when a result of something is the complete opposite of what you would expect. For example, in my poem you wouldn’t expect a cat to be friends with dogs. I mean dogs and cats hate each other. Well at least that’s what we would expect. And for a cat to not like milk! Unbelievable, right? (Yea I know, I have a dumb cat. But it is ironic that my cat behaves the opposite of what cats should behave like. That is why this poem is a irony poem. Read ona I Love You Do you remember? All the fun times we had. Oh how you would laugh at my jokes. Oh I’d do anything To hear your lovely voice. Your voice makes me smile Even when I’m mad. So I wrote this poem, To tell you, That I love you! Description This poem is a theme poem. Yes you heard right. Theme. Theme is the main idea in a poem or the authors feelings/thoughts. In this poem the theme is love. This is easy to figure out because the poem just says right there that the person loves another person. Some times these poems can be in a shape. Like my poem is shaped kind of like a heart and the theme of it is love. Isn’t it sweet? Read ona Just A Kiss Silence walks upon the stone halls. As you sleep for a hundred years. Fall, Winter, Spring, and Summer Visited you every year. Hoping to find you up and about. But just as they feared, Everything is weird- Sleeping Beauty has just premiered. But not before your sleep is evoked, Before you stands Charming himself. Thus, a kiss on the lips, Was all that was needed, To arouse you from your ancient sleep. Description This is another poem by me that is an allusion poem. Allusion in poetry terms means when a poem makes a reference to another poem. For example in my poem Just A Kiss the allusion is Sleeping Beauty sleeping for a hundred years until Prince Charming came to wake her from her deep sleep. I am alluding the story of Sleeping Beauty to my poem. Read ona I Wish I wish to drift into the darkness. Into the shadows of death. Slowly my grip loosens. I am trapped in an avalanche. This pain-its too much! I’m like snow trapped in the suns rays. Slowly and silently, I’ll rise, From this nightmare. Description This poem is a chance poem. Nothing big but we just had to pick 5 words from this list and use those words to make a poem. Read ona Moment Of Freedom The monsters in my head, They tell me I’m crazy. Maybe I am. These monsters, they yell and scream, Until I let them out. But they come back, they always do. These monsters they bring me crimson delight. Fresh crimson pleasure, trickling down my arm As the blade digs deeper, I find a moment of freedom. A moment where everything stops. Everything is peaceful. Everything is fine. But soon the monsters will come back. Then, no longer will I feel the pain. No longer will I feel crimson joy. Everything will be back to normal, With the monsters screaming, Until I let them out again. Description This poem is a poem with figurative language poem. Figurative language is a term in poetry when you compare two unlike things to make something clear. For example if I say the soap bubbles in the bath tub are like clouds in the sky, I am comparing the soap bubbles to the clouds, but the soap bubbles aren’t really clouds, right? In this poem I am comparing the suicide thoughts of the speaker to monsters. Read ona Nothing But The Best You’re my summer sun, And I’m your winter wind. No matter what mistakes I make, All the times I’ve yelled at you, You’re always there. Even when I’m fierce like the winter wind; Howling all the time, My nerves are calmed by your sunshine smile. You’re a treasure chest, Full of priceless gems. To me you’re nothing but the best. Description This poem is a poem of assonance/alliteration. Assonance is when you use repetition of the sound of a vowel. I don’t think I have tat but I do have alliteration. Alliteration is the repetition of 2 or more words that end with the same sound or start with the same letter. For example in the poem I said â€Å"winter wind† both words have a â€Å"w† in the beginning. I also used â€Å"sunshine smile† which has a â€Å"s† in the beginning of each word. This is how my poem uses assonance/alliteration. Read ona The Monster Mama always said she loved me. But then why do I cry every time she came home? Why do I hide under the bed, Praying she didn’t come looking for me? Before daddy left, She told me I was her sweet little angel. So why does she tell me that she hates me? Why is it the she says I’m a nuisance? What did I do, To get black and blue, Bruises all over my body. Mama always told me, That the monster always haunts kids, Who lie and cheat and hit people. Then why did she lie to me when she told me, That daddy ran away, When she kicked him out of the house? And why did she cheat on daddy before he Went to another place? And why does she hit me with her whiskey bottle? Why does she love to see me cry When the glass cuts my skin? Mama knew what she did to me, But what she didn’t know was that the monster was, The only one that said it loved me. Description This poem is a poem on symbolism. Symbolism is the idea or topic of the poem. For example, the night is a symbol of death. Or in the poem I made the monster symbolizes the thoughts one would have after abuse. Read ona The End My past is finished, It’s all filled with pain. My past is killing me, ‘Cause I’m trapped in this lane. My mind is at war with me, I can’t control the thoughts deep inside me. I’m bent out of shape with all this pain, I think it’s time I’ve played life’s game. Before it’s time I ask myself, ‘Is this the end? Will there ever be a tomorrow? ’ Almost turning away, I turn right back, I decide there is nothing more for me, Only the end can set me†¦ Free†¦ Description This last poem is a free verse poem. Like I explained in the other poem called â€Å"Reason† I said that free verse poems are poems without rhyming or patterns and that don‘t follow any rules. And just like in this poem I did not follow any patterns. aSTOP? *NO MORE POEMS*

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 71

No topic - Essay Example Furthermore, vertical marketing systems can take numerous forms. Moreover, in a company VMS, one associate of the distribution channel possesses the other associates. Though they are owned mutually, every corporation in the chain remains to do a discrete task. However, in an ordered VMS, one associate of the channel is significant and influential ample to organize the actions of the other associates deprived of an ownership stake. Whereas. Horizontal marketing is the union of organizations on the equal level to follow marketing prospects. Moreover, the organizations join their capitals like production abilities and supply to exploit their incomes probable. For instance, a soft drink firm may cartel with a bread producer and the two foodstuffs are marketing and distributed jointly. I think the best form that best describes Costco Company is the vertical approach. Vertical organizations give clear lines of power and a fitted extent of control; these can result in high operating effectiveness. Overall, the business is encompassed of comparatively minor departments, allowing bosses to observe carefully and control the actions of their underlings. However, workers at the bottom of a vertical structure might feel less esteemed than those upper in the Chain. Moreover, for the company to cut cost, the number of chains should reduce. That will ensure that the value drops

Globalization in the middle east Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globalization in the middle east - Essay Example In recent times, participation in globalization has been a great contributing factor in obtaining stable economic growth in the Middle East. Globalization and its importance in economic development have had a great effect both on the stability of the region and the global financial system. The Middle East region should find a way to use globalization to their benefit. In order for the region to gain integration into the global economy, it is imperative to understand globalization and its impact on Middle East (Schaeffer 67). Thus, it is important to determine the impact of globalization and the perception from the Middle East region. Globalization refers to the spread of customs, attitudes, ideas that started off in a definite part of the world. The issue of globalization is seen to have originated from the Western countries. The Middle East has sound reasons as to why they did not embrace globalization. It is easy to equate globalization with westernization. Regions such as Africa, Europe and South America were to a lesser extent more open to westernization and globalization. They had the notion that they were already western components. The Middle East countries did not want any association to the West so this led to a delay in them embracing globalization. Globalization was related to what was previously termed as modernization. This was a set of beliefs that challenged the traditional norms. Therefore, globalization was perceived as a major threat to tradition and this was valued most by the Middle East region. Globalization is regarded as an inevitable force that changes the face of the world. The world is seen to be a small village where everybody learns to live and interact with each other. Since the conception of globalization, distance and time concepts have changed. Globalization is a trend; this can be perceived as an opportunity and also a threat. Most regimes in Middle East region did not welcome globalization very well. A major contributor was the lack of fundamental change and stability in the region (Schaeffer 109). There has been a long list of problems that been encountered by the Middle East religion, they face political, economical, social and military problems. Almost all the states in the Middle East started to rebuild in the last century. The region has been faced with years of disputes as nobody seems to accept their boundaries. There is a low intensity conflict that seems to be constant in this region. The state system in the Middle East region was based on the ground of the low intensity conflict so they had no hegemonic power. This led to an intervention of outside powers to come and resolve this conflict In order to safeguard the region’s stability. With reference to globalization, the United States in the leading in globalization whereas the Middle East is regarded one of the least globalized regions. The challenge to facilitate globalization is evident at the state level in the Middle East. This seems to be a critical issue with regard to the rest of the world. Probably there is no area in the world that has embraced globalization less than the Middle East. This is due to the fact that the opposition movements, majority of regimes and the intellectuals in the region have all been anti –globalization. It is a well known fact that the Middle East have always resorted to violence in their anti–globalization struggle. Most countries in this region have readily accepted the principle of

Book Report on “Fathers and Sons” by Ivan Turgenev Essay Example for Free

Book Report on â€Å"Fathers and Sons† by Ivan Turgenev Essay â€Å"Fathers and Sons† is, perhaps, the most interesting book by the Russian writer Ivan Turgenev, which gained international recognition. It has been first published in 1862 and concurred with a complicated period of Russian history, known as the â€Å"Great Reforms†. Abolition of serfdom, reforms of administrational system, industrialization and raise of revolutionary ideas caused profound changes in the Russian society and in the minds of people. Turgenev’s book is devoted t this dramatic mental and psychological break. â€Å"Fathers† are old generation who share conservative views and â€Å"sons† are youth, dreaming of revolution and demonstrating nihilism and disrespect towards traditional values. The narrator of the story – Nikolai Petrovitch Kirsanov, is a son of a general, who has been a hero of Napoleonic wars. His life is rather unremarkable. Being unable to serve in the army because of the childhood trauma, he has married and lived happily with his wife till her early death. After that he devoted all his life to his only son Arcady. The novel opens when the older Kirsanov stands before the door of his dominion waiting for his son returning from the university. Finally the son comes back, but he is not alone, he is accompanied by his new university friend Yevgeny Vasilevich Bazarov. Soon Nikolai Kirsanov finds out, that his son has completely fallen under influence of Bazarov’s nihilistic and realistic views. He dreams of bloody revolutionary changes and disputes with Kirsanov about the future of Russia: Aristocracy, liberalism, progress, principles, said Bazarov. Just think what a lot of foreign . . . and useless words! To a Russian theyre no good for anything! , says he. Further along the novel Bazarov continues to play a role of a â€Å"revolutionary demon†. He is pretty charismatic, so such miserable people as Sitnikov and Kukushkina fall under his influence. Those two are represent a sort of â€Å"progressive thinkers† whose â€Å"progrogressism† comes to be reduced to absurd. They are ready to admire any new nihilistic ideas being completely unable to think of them critically and add any own reasoning to them. Bazarov openly contemns Sitnikov and flirts with Kushkina to allay his boredom. What is really interesting for Bazarov are his disputes with Pavel Petrovitch Kirsanov, older brother of Nikolai Kirsanov They feel antipathy from the very first moment of their acquaintance. Pavel Kirsanov speaks of Bazarov’s nihilism as of an unfounded doctrine existing in vacuum. Bazarov’s manner of thinking is purely utilitarian: We act by virtue of what we recognize as useful, went on Bazarov. At present the most useful thing is denial, so we deny. Pavel strongly disagrees But allow me, began Nikolai Petrovich. You deny everything, or to put it more precisely, you destroy everything . . . But one must construct, too, you know. [33] But Bazarov remains sure, that to construct something it is first necessary to â€Å"Clean the ground†. Perhaps this dispute between Pavel Kirsanov and Bazarov puts forth the basic idea of the book: conflict of conservatism and revolutionary doctrine. In order to iron out the differences between Pavel Kirsanov and Bazarov Arcady tells Bazarov the story of Pavel’s life. Once Pavel was a luminous officer, but love to a woman, duchess R† ruined his life and left him completely drained. Pavel only retained his sophisticated taste, fair manners and Anglomania. Although she is not present in the novel, duchess R† seems to be one of the characters because even after years she continues to determine Pavel’s actions. He asks for satisfaction from Bazarov, when he sees him kissing Fenichka, but the real reason is not Bazarov’s behavior, but that Fenichka somehow reminds Pavel duchess R†. While men in the story are symbols of social classes and positions, women represent something, what can be called â€Å"normal life†, whether it is duchess R† – a symbol of Russian magnificent nobility, Fenichka – a symbol of common sense, or Mme Odintsov. Mme Odintsov is a very special character. On the one hand she is perfectly educated and progressive woman, on the other she does not in any way share Bazarov’s enthusiasm about social cataclysms. She is sure, that society is to be bettered by bettering of human, but not by reconstruction of it’s formation. She asks Bazarov a question which he is unable to directly answer: And you suppose, said Anna Sergeyevna, that when society is reformed there will be no longer any stupid or wicked people? [56] Bazarov starts explaining that a proper society will make no difference, but inside he feels, that Odintsova is right. Love to a woman is so contrary to Bazarov’s views, that he is unable to accept it, putting cynicism on himself, and then leaving her house. He attempts to find some occupation for himself, flirts, fights at a duel and tries to speak about his ideas with peasants. The peasants are in fact those, who are to be enthusiastic about the revolution, at least as Bazarov thinks. So he is unhappily surprised to find out, that peasants do not want to understand complicated teaching and think of him as of a cheat. Bazarov’s ideas collapse: he finds no support both with educated and common people, so he has to recognize, that revolution is actually unnecessary to anyone and that it is nothing more, than a fashionable game. Pavel Kirsanov is right: doctrines of Bazarov exist in vacuum. It is not clear whether Bazarov’s death was a suicide, but his behavior itself is suicidal, and he accepts the certainty of death calmly. The only thing he wants is to say farewell to Odintsova. At his deathbed he openly confessed, that all his prod ideas went down to the pan. He continues to speak of himself as of a giant, but now the only task he puts for himself is to die with dignity. Six month after his death the two couples married: Nikolai Kirsanov to Fenichka and Arcady to Kate – Odintsova younger sister. The normal life continues even after Bazarov’s death, and Arcady, his former confederate, becomes a wealthy landowner, representing an antithesis to Bazarov’s views. Bazarov’s grave is almost forgotten, and only his parents sometimes come to shed tears over it. Although â€Å"Fathers and Sons† is a novel about pre-revolutionary Russia, it’s lesson is useful for all generations. Sons always rise against their fathers, willing to change this world and create a totally new one for themselves. And Turgenev demonstrates how mental dissoluteness and spiritual weakness can destroy even the most sharp-minded person. The whole revolutionary fervor of Bazarov is destroyed by romantic love – the real motivation of the world. At the end of his life â€Å"the demon† feels lost and betrayed, while conservatism triumphs over his grave. Works cited: Ivan Turgenev (1998) Fathers and Sons. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Abortion Essay -- Research Papers Pregnancy Papers

Abortion â€Å"Abortion is a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus.† This definition (A.D.A.M., 2003) is a dry medical definition that lacks meaning. This paper attempts to apply meaning to this dry definition, and in doing so, will show the less known and less published side of abortion; the human side. A Brief History Archaeologists have recently uncovered Roman ruins that contain the evidence of aborted children, abandoned children, and children that were destroyed just after birth (infanticide); all of these bodies were recovered from a brothel. Fast forwarding a few hundred years, Thomas Aquinas wrote on the evils of abortion, and the moral implications of such a practice in a civilized society. These two examples of â€Å"ancient† history show that abortion has been around a long, long time, and has been used as a means of birth control, to end unwanted pregnancies, for some time now; it is not a recent development. The act of destroying the young before birth has been present in the world for a while, however, but it has been only in the last century that this problem has reached an epidemic proportion. In the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, the first abortion legislation in the United States was proposed, mainly concerned with the application of penalties for illegal a bortions; outlines what abortions would be considered legal. It should be noted, that these early proposals wanted to legalize abortion for reasons including the mental or physical health of the mother, pregnancy due to rape and incest, and fetal deformity (NRLC, 2003). In the late 1960’s forms of the earlier abortion legislation was passed in a few states; the number of states... ... of people out there that are able to think for themselves, based on the given facts and evidence. I would like to commend everyone in the class for giving me an opportunity to enjoy their views on life, for it helped me to better understand my own views. Bibliography The Boycott List. Life Decisions International. Washington. 2002 â€Å"Life and death before birth.† Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life 2003 Pro-life Resource Book. MCCL. Minneapolis. 2002 Heritage House 76. 2003. Arguments of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/parsing_the_arguments/parsing_the_arguments.asp [Dec 14, 2003] Heritage House 76. 2003. History of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/history/history.asp [Dec 14, 2003] NRLC. 2003. Abortion: Some Medical Facts. [Online]. http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/ASMF/asmf.html [Dec 02, 2003] Abortion Essay -- Research Papers Pregnancy Papers Abortion â€Å"Abortion is a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus.† This definition (A.D.A.M., 2003) is a dry medical definition that lacks meaning. This paper attempts to apply meaning to this dry definition, and in doing so, will show the less known and less published side of abortion; the human side. A Brief History Archaeologists have recently uncovered Roman ruins that contain the evidence of aborted children, abandoned children, and children that were destroyed just after birth (infanticide); all of these bodies were recovered from a brothel. Fast forwarding a few hundred years, Thomas Aquinas wrote on the evils of abortion, and the moral implications of such a practice in a civilized society. These two examples of â€Å"ancient† history show that abortion has been around a long, long time, and has been used as a means of birth control, to end unwanted pregnancies, for some time now; it is not a recent development. The act of destroying the young before birth has been present in the world for a while, however, but it has been only in the last century that this problem has reached an epidemic proportion. In the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, the first abortion legislation in the United States was proposed, mainly concerned with the application of penalties for illegal a bortions; outlines what abortions would be considered legal. It should be noted, that these early proposals wanted to legalize abortion for reasons including the mental or physical health of the mother, pregnancy due to rape and incest, and fetal deformity (NRLC, 2003). In the late 1960’s forms of the earlier abortion legislation was passed in a few states; the number of states... ... of people out there that are able to think for themselves, based on the given facts and evidence. I would like to commend everyone in the class for giving me an opportunity to enjoy their views on life, for it helped me to better understand my own views. Bibliography The Boycott List. Life Decisions International. Washington. 2002 â€Å"Life and death before birth.† Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life 2003 Pro-life Resource Book. MCCL. Minneapolis. 2002 Heritage House 76. 2003. Arguments of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/parsing_the_arguments/parsing_the_arguments.asp [Dec 14, 2003] Heritage House 76. 2003. History of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/history/history.asp [Dec 14, 2003] NRLC. 2003. Abortion: Some Medical Facts. [Online]. http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/ASMF/asmf.html [Dec 02, 2003]

Notes on Religion

Cremation is more important than burial in which religion? a. Buddhism b. chrlstlanltyc. Hinduism d. Islamoc 2 The dominant branch of Islam is a. Druze b. Eastern Orthodox c. Shiited. Sunni00 3. From the Russian Revolution to the tall ot the communist government, what was the policy of the government towards religion? all churches were closed b, the old church was replaced by Eastern Orthodoxc. churches remained open but played a limited role d. youth were encouraged to attend so that the could be Indoctrinated Into 4.Animists believe that a, people should complete God's creation of the Earthb. Inanimate objects and atural events have spirits c. people should make complete use of the Earth's resources natural disasters are preventableO[7 5, The world's largest ethnic religion is a. Buddhism b. Christianityc. Hinduism d. IslamC0 The world's largest universalizing religion Is a, Buddhismb. Christianity c. Hinduism d, IslamC? 7. Which is not an ethnic Asian religion? a. Buddhism b. Conf ucianism c. Shintoism d. DaolsmL]L] 8.Lutheranism Is an example of a Christian branchb_ denomination c. religion d. sectnn 9. What policy did the British follow in India? a. they divided India into two countries they forced all of the Hindus to migrate c. hey turned the problem over to the united Nationsd. they encouraged the abolishment ot the caste system00 10. Worship in Hinduism is most likely to take place a, In a holy shrine b. as part ofa pilgrimage'c. at home d. In a pagodaClD 11, The belief in the existence of only one god is a. anlmlsm b. osmogonyc. monotheism d. solstlceoc 12 Roman Catholics are clustered In the LJ_S_ southwest primarily because of migration ofa. Roman Catholics from Latin America b. Roman Catholics from the northeast U. S. c. Roman Catholics trom Ireland d. Protestants to the northCC 13. Hinduism's caste systema_ assigns everyone to a distinct class decrees the ilgrimages which should be taken c. is a substitute for the lack of a holy book d. identifies a family's important deities0C 14. A universalizing religion a.Is based on the physical characterlstlcs of a particular location on Earthb. appeals to people living In a wide variety of locations c. Is rarely transmitted through missionaries d. is intentionally developed to be a world religion0L] 15 What Is the holiest book In Hinduism? a. the Bible b. the Old Testament c. the Qurand. none of the above?0 16. The goal of the majority ot people living in Northern Ireland is toa. remain part ot the United Ireland d. Join the Irish Republican Army00

Nvq Level 2

How to make an individual aware of the effects of poor hygiene on others Personal hygiene is a topic often brought up during the pre-teen and teen years when a youngster's body is developing. However, there are times when adults need to be reminded about personal care as well. When subtle hints about showering or using deodorant have no effect, a conversation is the next step. This conversation can be uncomfortable for us and the resident but it doesn't need to be.With some preparation and a few helpful props, we can talk to someone about personal hygiene and help him implement improvements. Step 1 Begin the conversation with a compliment, such as making note that the individual's hair looked very clean the previous day. Continue the conversation by stating the poor hygiene that we have noticed. Will use words like, â€Å"I have noticed† instead of â€Å"You don't. † Simply identify the problem area for the individual, whether that is showering, oral hygiene or somethin g else.Step 2 Continue the conversation by discussing the personal care steps the individual seems to be skipping. If this appears to be a shower, will ask the individual when she/he showers regularly or if she/he had time to shower that day. Step 3 Evaluate the individual's response as to why the hygiene step has been skipped. If it wasn't skipped, then the next step would be to discuss how to do it correctly. Will provide a demonstration if possible or offer the correct hygiene products to fulfil the task.Step 4 State our concern over the individual's hygiene. Phrase the concern carefully and use caring words. Step 5 Will offer the individual the personal care item she/he may be lacking, such as deodorant or mouth wash. Step 6 Will end the conversation by affirming the person. This can be done by stating how much we care for him/her, assuring that this hygiene issue doesn't change our relationship or helping him/her devise a personal care plan. Step 7 Will ask if the individual ha s any questions.

How to Write a Reflective Essay about Your Family

How to Write a Reflective Essay about Your Family Reflective Essay about Your Family How to start How to write the introduction How to compose body paragraphs How to finish the essay Tips on revision Outline sample Reflective essay about your family (Sample) The main purpose behind writing a reflective essay about one’s family is to acknowledge the efforts and help one has gained from their family members. In fact, such a paper is not a mere storytelling of events that have taken place in family contexts, neither is it a description of the personal attributes of each member. However, it should relate the significance of one’s relationship with their family and its positive impact on them, which could be illustrated through real examples from one’s own experience with family issues and situations. Such a paper reflects the role of family in life. So, below is a guide on how to write a perfect essay. How to start Jot down the immediate ideas that come to your mind about your family. Those notes will save you the effort of overthinking. Write down any significant event or situation that have fortified your ties with your family members. Yet, you could just write the ideas in the form of titles so that you expand upon them later on. While you are still mind-mapping your ideas about the topic, take note of the most important family members who you think have offered you a lot through your life. How to write introduction and thesis statement Once done with brainstorming, one could move on to the general introduction. Family falls under the umbrella of social relationships. So, it could be reasonable enough to start off with some lines about the importance of such relationships, mentioning neighborhood, friendship, until we get to family where we will land. The thesis statement is the immediate step that comes just after the general introduction. Here, I should decide about the characteristics I am going to shed light on for the reflection on my family. For example, financial help, moral support, and personal improvement. How to compose body paragraphs You should make a decision about the order of your ideas if you would like them to be distributed by order of importance. For example, if you would like to start with the financial support that your family has offered you, then you should put that element in the first body paragraph. Do not forget to illustrate your ideas with examples, which could draw on the events and names you have already thought about while brainstorming. Unless you have only one important family member, do not restrict your ideas only to the significance of one member, otherwise, you would fall into a mere description. Events where your family was there for you are important as a proof of how crucial one’s family is. But, the focus should not be solely on the events or you will be only recounting family events and adventures. Be at the center of attention in your reflective essay. That is to say, you should perceive the role of your family in making you who you are today. You should always refer to yourself to maintain the thread of ideas. How to finish the essay State the main elements of the body in a concise way without getting into details. All the main ideas of the body, which also make up the thesis statement, should be present briefly in the conclusion. Make sure that you do not expand too much upon the ideas you summarized in the conclusion. If your aim is to hold sway over the reader, then you could make a call to action, such as a proposition to keep strong ties with family members, especially with parents, and to take care of them because they are of great importance to one’s life. Tips on revision Grammatical revision is indispensable. It should be done with scrutinizing eyes so that you make sure that your essay is grammatically correct. Contextual revision is of equal importance, thus, it is advisable to make sure that the ideas about your family are all contextually relevant- mere recounting of events may create a descriptive context. Formatting should also be revised. It is something that you could do as you go, but a final touch is always necessary to avoid incongruity, especially if you are using a specific style such as the APA. Outline sample Introduction General background Thesis statement: specific elements Body Paragraph 1 (Financial assistance): importance of the role of parents Paragraph 2 (Moral support): the significance of my sister’s efforts Paragraph 3 (Personal development): the contribution of all family members Conclusion Brief summary of main ideas Call to action. Reflective essay about your family (Sample) No one can deny that having a family is a gift. It might not be the truth that all the people live with their family members or see them daily, yet it still has a positive impact to even hear their voice or meet them every now and then. My family is the source of my happiness and self-realization. Family has countless benefits in one’s life. If I am to talk about my family, I think that there is no getting away from acknowledging their financial support, moral help, and their efforts for my continuous personal improvement. My family members, mainly my parents, have always been there for me when I needed them. Actually, I always remember how they provided me with enough money to buy my necessary needs and to pay for my college fees. I have never felt that I am inferior to my friends; whenever we went out, I always had enough money to pay for what I ordered. It is something that I appreciated on the part of my parents. They always wanted me to look good, so my mother used to insist that I buy new clothes and accessories. Shopping with my parents is fun. They always brought me more than I really needed. My parents have always supported me financially even at their expense. I still remember when my mother refused to buy a new pair of shoes for her just to buy me a leather jacket that I liked so much. When I think about the moral support that I have got from my family, I feel indebted to my sister, in particular. She is only 2 years younger than me, but she is wise and intelligent. She has always shown me the right way when I am clueless. She gave me hugs when I felt down and advised me once I had no idea where I was heading to. The emotions and psychological comfort my sister gives me are amazingly special, as they motivate me to study and make the best out of any situation and opportunity.Years ago, we used to share the same room, so we spent great moments. Having a sister like her is the best gift I have ever had. When I feel lonely, I just call her, and she never hesitates to visit me and make me smile. She is so close to me; her presence in my life is indispensable. All of my family members have contributed to the continuous improvements in my life. I should admit that thanks to them, I have acquired the ability to use visualization. My mother has always talked to me about how she sees me in the future. She pictured me as a successful person in her mind, which is the image that I have adopted from her. It motivated me to work harder on my dreams and attain my educational and professional goals to realize that mental picture of success. Apart from that, my siblings have given me valuable pieces of advice that helped orient me when I was in two minds about something. I am proud to be part of such an amazingly fabulous family that provides me with wisdom, joy, and understanding. My father has always told me his opinion on my personal choices; I appreciate his valuable advice because it helped me shape my personality in a correct way. By and large, family is the backbone of one’s life, as far as I am concerned. When your family is there for you, you could get support at the financial, moral, and personal levels. Only through difficult moments of life one could come to terms with how important having a family is. Simply put, family is priceless; one should never cut ties with their parents and relatives.

Literacy and numeracy demands in lesson plans Assignment

Literacy and numeracy demands in lesson plans - Assignment Example The following are the learning outcome for numeracy demands †¢ Be able to measure distances on the map using the scale provided †¢ Student should be able to locate places of interest using the map direction and scale †¢ Students should be able to read the compass direction of a place and pinpoint some of the resources found in Victoria †¢ Students should be able to locate various human environments, spread of settlement, population, towns and cities and land use in Australia. †¢ Students should be able to know why environments change †¢ The students will be able to identity a grid and read its location Literacy learning outcomes Literacy skills help the learner understand the aspects of language and how to employ these aspects in managing school work and social life. Literacy skills are developed through writing, speaking, listening, viewing and reading. Literacy shapes the way students view themselves in relation to their environment. †¢ Students should be able to find information on the maps and share it †¢ Students should be able to describe the accurate location of places on the map †¢ Student should be able and become familiar to tourist maps †¢ Students should be able to answer the question asked in the text book and share and check the response with the others †¢ Should be able to present their conduct group discussion and share the knowledge in class Justification of the numeracy demand... Teaching numeracy skills among ESL and SOSE learners will socialize them towards believing that numeracy skills are important and can be imbedded in their school and social life (Kemp & Hogan, 1999). Numeracy skills is not all about solving mathematical problem but being in a position to effectively sue them as required in normal life instances. According to Fin (1991), the interest of understanding how the school curriculum of the Post-compulsory Education and Training affected Australia’s economy began in the 1990’s. To investigate into the matter a commission was formed by the government to articulate the links among the sectors of schooling, training work and higher education. The results of the review indicated that numeracy cuts across all disciplines and that that it is relevant to the Australian economy in diverse ways. To be able to perform well in their overall aggregate mark, students need to have high level of numeracy skills. Numeracy is used in class in le arning other subjects such as physical education, geography, English among others. If a students skills in numeracy are not proficient the chances of performing well in other disciplines is relatively low (Barin, 1990). The student’s numeracy skills are essential in helping them figure out different places on the map. In this case, most of the S1 learners among the foreigners are not conversant with the directions and places around Australia. To help them familiarize with the new environment, the use of compass direction plays a central role. Learning how to find out direction through the use of a compass makes their life in a foreign land safe and easier. Lack of this skill may slower down the rate settling in Australia thus affecting all other social interactions. This skills also comes in

Project Management Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management Systems - Research Paper Example A project manager is a person who is responsible for carrying out all the tasks and operations that are included in project management. In simple words, both the success and failure of a project centralizes on the project manager’s shoulders (Haughey, 2009; Grembergen, 2002, p. 89; Hallows, 1998, p. 4). This paper presents a detailed analysis of roles and responsibilities that a project manager carries out. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of project manager’s performance on a project. This paper will also outline some examples of bad project management. Project management is a systematic way to scheduling and managing project activities and resources from beginning to end. Additionally, these project activities are divided into five phases, first phase is the initiation, the second is planning, the third phase is executing, fourth is controlling, and last phase is the completion or termination of the project. In addition, these phases of project management can be used in approximately any kind of project, since their purpose is to organize the different processes of project development. The fundamental reason for starting a project is to achieve particular objectives. In other words, the purpose of managing the processes as a project is to put attention on the jobs and control for the accomplishment of the objectives on small group or an individual. Additionally, a project is normally a temporary endeavor encompassing a lot of interconnected operations or processes, assigned a considerable cost, and continuing for a few weeks or, m onths, or years. However, the management of a project is a complex and challenging task and the roles of project managers vary with the project requirements (TechTarget, 2008; Meredith & Mantel, 2006, p. 13; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005, p. 309). The